Dante s Daughter

Their family is then forced to leave their home town of Florence Italy by the co instant dueling of political groups in the cities, between the white Gulfs, who opposed the p papacy influence and the black Gulfs, who supported the papacy. Dante, her father, also a white Gulf supporter, went to Rome on â€Å"business† to see Pope Boniface VIII, when the black Gulfs take over the CIA TTY, the Aligner family knew that they had to escape the city in fear that they would all be killed by ca use of Dent's political standing and the fact that he was not present in Florence.Antonio was to fool w her brothers out of the city and their mother would meet them later, they had to run out of the city, s he saw many gruesome events of war while she was fleeing the city, she saw the true chaos that came from people during times of war. Their family had to disperse amongst their relatives and some of her b rooters even went away to become apprentices Gina went to their Uncle Francesco, while P itter and Jackpot became ablates with the Dominicans at Santa Maria.As for Antonio she went to stay and help with her father's sister, Deviant, and her family, Disco her uncle who was a painter, and her cousins Margarita and Foe in Siena. As for her mother, she had went to work on her mother's farms. Antonio lived with her aunt and uncle for nearly five years. Her mother visited her as often as she could. She worked along with Disco in his shop learning to paint, and hell peed out with the housework with Deviant, Margarita and Lecturer, Disco's sister. She had SSH eared a bed with Margarita who was only a couple of years older than her and got to know he r real well.One day Notation's father sends a letter to her, inviting her to come along with him to P arise France since he will e studying at the university there, he already offered her brothers to come w tit but they could not. Shortly after Antonio receives the letter her father. Dante arrived so soon that Antonio had barely got ten to make up her mind, but she decided to go along with her father on this DVD endure. Through their travels Antonio gets a new understanding of her father. Antonio along with he r inattentive father travel from city to city spending their nights in either inns or with nobles, in their cash tiles. Pond their arrival to Paris, Dante immediately goes to into his studies in search h of new knowledge, while in the first couple of days Antonio is just sitting around the an. Eventually, Antonio met up with an old friend of her fathers, at a Beguine, a community of sings e women living under Nun like conditions but could work to make a living and could break free of an y vows and leave if they like. Antonio decided to stay with the women of the Beguine while her father r studied at the university.The three ladies Antonio stayed with, Claire, Mated, and Assess, worked as illumination, an art form done to liven up a page of a book or a document, Antonio helped with her prior knowledge f pa inting. Events quickly went downhill for the group of girls, Assess died, and later her mother Claire. As for Antonio, Dante decided that the knowledge he had sought, could d not be obtained at the University and they decided to head back to Italy. Antonio had returned to Siena to stay with her Uncle Disco's family again, who ill Dante had left her to work with the emperor of Germany and Italy.Disco was on a new commission that had made them much wealthier, and of course everyone was much older than the y were previously. Margarita was soon to be engaged with Pitter, and Antonio had also begun t experience her share of romantic relationships, first with Seeing a loving apprentice to Disco, then Tit ere to Farina, a young man who lived in Florence, when she had moved there to live with her mother r and uncle. Yet neither one worked out, she left Siena forgetting about Seeing, and when the emperor r failed at capturing Florence, the Aligner name meant little and was hated in Florence, so Farina a didn't want to marry her.Notation's Family was reunited and continued to live on in a house of their owe n in Vienna. Antonio struggled with what the true meaning of her life was to be with god. S he had gotten malaria, which she was lucky enough to surpass. Imbroglio, on of her best friends fro m back in Siena had came to visit her in her State Of illness and wanted to marry her, Antonio agrees and they live happily, until Imbroglio dies of plague. Antonio then decides, knowing her fate, to join the c invent of San Stefan Dogleg Alive.The Historical fiction novel, Dana?s Daughter had gotten many things right with barely any wrongful descriptions, the author, Kimberly Houston surely did their homework. Not only did she write this novel accurately she did it in SST of the different aspects of the book. Whether it was from their lifestyle of different social classes, like what they ate, wore and how they lived, the way they traveled, the events that happened in the time p eriod of the early fourteenth century, their beliefs, and even the fact that most of the characters actually existed in this time period.The author portrayed the lifestyles of the people in the book very realistically. The roles of women in the 1300†² in actuality was to stay home maintain the household, cooking, cleaning and taking care of the children, which was the name roles the author portrayed, the mothers of different households always prepared their food and spent the day cleaning and tidying up the house. Younger girls like Antonio in the novel helped with such chores like the laundry. In the novel they did the laundry down at the river which was common in that era (McKay, John P. ). Antonio mother wore a turban when she would clean, which was also accurately explained.Clothing worn by characters was only described for the females, it was always gowns with different colors, always handmade by the mothers of the household, and silk as very dressy and expensive. In histo ry, it was common for families to make their own clothing and women only really wore gowns, silk was of the most valuable cloth in this time frame as well (McKay, John As for the common diet of Italians in the thirteen hundreds, consisted mostly of bread, which was the most important staple of their diet and stews, made of whatever ingredients they could get.Houston wrote about what they would eat, they would always eat bread with olive oil, and Notation's mother would always have the best soups made from the best ingredients she could mind, which would have been correct for the time period and the wealth of the Aligner family. Between the pair of Antonio and Dante, when they were traveling they had a mule and horse, which only the higher class could afford since many poor pilgrims could only travel on foot which was accurate for the time too.The Nobility that Dante and Antonio stayed with also had a very descriptive lifestyle differing from the Aligner family. The upper class lived in large palaces or castles and had feasts very often, in which they ate exotic foods, crayfish, eels in plum sauce, asparagus, cheese tarts, green beans eked in almond milk, roast venison with garlic, partridge stewed with lentils and shallots, chicken cooked with pears and brandy, tiny spring lettuces dressed with olive oil and perceive, junket, strawberry tarts, and many other dishes.The nobility also had the ability to house many subjects they sought useful for their skills. There were two major patrons of Dante, lady Cluenice, and Can Grandee. In history little is known about the true paths Dante had taken, there is no account of him staying with a lady Cluenice, but there is documentation of him staying with Can Grandee for the reason of Can Grandee's interests in the importance and reasoning behind The Divine Comedy, that Dante was writing the evidence is found in the letter that Dante had written to Can Grandee explaining the books (Aligner, Dante).Dante Aligner was a famou s poet in the time period who had written many books the three parts that make up The Divine Comedy, Inferno, Purgatorial, and Paradise, all mentioned in the book plus his writings of other books, and The Banquet, although over fifty poetic works are known from Dante. Antonio was very fascinated by the large structures of the gigantic cathedrals in Paris, mainly Notre dame. She was very intrigued, and found peace amongst its' large mosaics held together by lead.This account was very accurate, Notre dame is famous for its' large mosaics, and it started its construction in 1160 and finished in 1345, well within Notation's lifetime. Kimberly Houston portrayed the lifestyles of different social groups very accurately throughout the novel. There was one common disease that multiple people contracted throughout the happening of the book, and it was malaria, a disease carried by mosquito. Antonio had contracted it, and during the time it was almost a death sentence (McKay, John P. , yet sh e survived through it.Antonio had experienced immense pain and was deathly ill, for a couple of weeks, then would endure eight hour long fevers and intense pain that would go away and return two days later. Antonio went through series of pains much like the actual symptoms which were, headaches, fever, lethargy, chills, abdominal pains, sickness, muscular pains, diarrhea, and coughing fits. Kimberly Houston had shown the symptoms characters were experiencing accurately as they would be in the real world. The common scientific beliefs of people in the novel were also of accurate details in the novel.Accurately for this time, people in the story believed in the Ptolemaic system. Which stated that the heavens rotated on big crystal spheres around the earth. This was the common belief until 1 543, when Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, which proved the earth was not at the center Of the universe (McKay, John Many of the events that took place in the book h appened in real life. In the book, King Phillips armies had harried Boniface VII to death, and engineered Clement V into office, and brought the papacy into France.While written accurately, the papacy was stationed in Avignon, France in 1309, in the time frame covered in the book, and in fact it was King Philip IV that that is responsible for both moving the papacy and bringing in a tradition of having French popes. Another event including King Philip IV of France is that there is a scene from the book where the Knights Template and everyone associated with them are being arrested for the Kings' benefit. What the book failed to mention is the reasoning behind Philip Avis' actions and motives of this action.King Philip IV was very much in debt to the Template, whereas in the novel had explained it s the ‘Template were engaged in unnatural and illegal activities offensive to god†¦ † (Houston, Kimberley Burton), which was not true since the Template Were a strictly ran group, by the pope, to be a religious army, but King Philip did have them arrested in real history for his own benefit. The Template, described by Houston, were very large, muscular men, with the knowledge of scholars, which is an accurate description of the way the Knights Template would have been since they were knights.Antonio along with the other women of the Beguine, had done work for the Template illuminating comments, which would have been against the code of the Template to have any contact with women (Temporarily. Com). Another event that took place was the newly elected emperor Henry VII, who in the novel was convinced by Dante Aligner to march on Florence to capture it amongst his empire and to hopefully redeem the Aligner name in Florence, Italy.The holy roman emperor Henry VII of Germany historically had the support of Dante, and did wage war on Romancer since they were part of the Gulfs, both Dante and Henry VII were Gibberellins (McKay, John P). Yet another event tha t occurred in he book happened in Verona, Italy, it was that the palace that Can Grandee lived in was frescoed by an artist named Ghetto, nothing is known of his work in Verona, Ghost's Personality in the book was that he was very enthusiastic and compassionate towards art, he also had a very high pitch girl laugh, Not much is known of his personality although he did work on many frescoes.In addition, the Aligner Family was forced to leave their hometown of Florence by cause of the dueling political parties, the Gibberellins and the Gulfs, which were actual groups at the time which either liked the pope's influence on everything or despised it.Lastly, the fall of Rome to the Byzantines and barbarians who began to construct huge basilicas with large mosaics on the interior, was mentioned towards the latter part of the book, the Byzantines had actually built these large basilicas although it was really the decline of the holy roman empire that brought in these Byzantines and barbarian s to influence Rome (McKay, John The options a women could take throughout their life was described in the book as, if they did not get married, they could use their dowry from their parents to join a convent and become a nun, join a Beguine, or become a requisite.This statement made in the book by Antonio is not completely true, not only could women become housewives, nuns, or prostitutes, but they could also work as servants or join a Beguine. In the book none of the younger people had known about Beguines, and even when Antonio had found out she only thought that they existed in France. Although many of the surviving Beguines exist in Belgium albeit there was one in France, and many of the ancient Beguines had existed on the outskirts of Paris, the Beguine described in the book, sounded like it was nearly in the center OfParis, because it was within a short walking distance to important areas like shops and Dante could be there quickly to visit, plus there were buildings they wen t to on both sides of the Beguine. The tools and procedures used by the different artistic professions were described briefly in the novel, it had listed the linoleum, what processes they would make paints and glues for frames, and the different layers in a fresco. The linoleum was a moon shaped knife meant for preparing parchment by scraping the excess skin and hairs off of pelts.This linoleum knife was actually seed almost exclusively for illuminating because illuminating required a special type of medium to be written on (â€Å"Illumination parchment). Antonio had known the preparation steps to make this parchment from learning it from Disco he uncle, who was an artist, one would take calf skin stretch it out, scrape the excess skin and impurities from it, then split it into separate sheets until of desirable thickness, and then scrape it again with the linoleum to get rid of any shiny surfaces.This process of manufacturing parchment was common through the middle ages and into t he Renaissance (Differences teens Parchment, Vellum and Paper. ). When Disco was working on the Masses;, an actual painting done in sienna by the real Disco (Disco Did Obnoxiousness, Masses; Altarpiece), him and his apprentices, would always be asking for egg whites from the girls to mix with pigments from plants, and asking for cheeses which they would use to make their glues to put together frames. Egg whites were in fact used to make the popular paint tempera during the Renaissance, and so was cheese used inn glues during this time period.The base layers of frescoes described in the novel, by Houston, was Ricoh, and intonation, these were the easiest and required the least artistic ability out of the whole Fresco process, and they were the top finishing layer and the base starting layer (â€Å"Categories Terms†. ). The author had gotten every detail right, when it came to the tools and procedures that had been used in the making of the artwork in the story. The river syste ms as described in the novel were the Aaron River of Florence, and the Adage River of Verona.The Main character Antonio had described the Aaron River as Very muddy and not very navigable whereas the Adage River in Verona was better navigable and as a result had more trade coming in. The Aaron River in Florence has many tributaries which makes it harder to navigate and the Adage River does not making it easier to navigate. In Conclusion, the author, Kimberly Houston, did a very good job in the development of Dent's Daughter. She had gotten about ninety-nine percent of the detail, events and people right in the development of this book.She had made the fiction life of actual characters very accurate and convincing for the time period. She had gotten the tools and procedures for certain artistic jobs right or the time frame, the correct people doing the right events in the right year, correct descriptions of travel and the river ways, the ways certain groups acted, the food they ate, t he clothes they wore, the ideology of the common people, the side effects of malaria, artistic terms, and even the existence Of certain characters and their connection in history.

False Confession Experiment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1100 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Psychology Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Research Question The research question in the article, Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence by Nash and Wade (2008), is: Could fake-video evidence lead people to believe they committed an act they never did? This research question is interesting as it reveals how people may be driven to make false confessions when presented with a fake-video evidence (Nash Wade, 2008). It further shows that the criminal justice system may be apprehending people, who have made false confessions, and deeming them guilty of actions they have not committed. The real criminals are left free to continue to commit more criminal offences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "False Confession Experiment" essay for you Create order The research questions, therefore, attempts to investigate the probability and possibilities of people being proven guilty based on fabricated evidences. Introduction Research conducted by several scholars has indicated that most innocent people are proven guilty for criminal offences they did not commit. Such people end up behind bars serving time for offences they were not part of. Fake evidence is the main contributing factor to innocent people being locked in prisons. Fake evidence, such as fake eyewitness testimonies and fake-video evidence, pushes innocent people to make false confessions. With the advances in technology, more sophisticated and affordable computers, digital machines, and desk-top video editing machines have become more popular. These digital devices have also made it easier for people to recreate past events and use them against other people. When people view these videos, they are forced to believe that they were part and parcel of past criminal offences. The implication is false confessions by these people. Fake eyewitnesses may also convince people that they are guilty of committing various crimes through their fake testi monies. Fake eyewitnesses may also convince these people by suggesting that there are videos, which recorded them committing the criminal offences. As a result, these innocent people end up making false confessions. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate how fake-video evidences make people to believe they committed an act they never did. Methodology The researchers, Nash and Wade, compared between fake-video evidence and fake eyewitness testimonies in order to illustrate whether fake-video evidence could lead people to believe they committed a criminal offence they never did before. The researchers, further, employed a metacognitive model, which helped them to make a clear comparison. Three tests were also conducted (Nash Wade, 2008). These tests include investigating whether fake-video evidence generated more false confessions that fake eyewitness evidence, find out a new model for examining the impact of fake evidence on false confessions, and to collect data on cognitive forces. The task the subjects performed is likely to be very important but the exact nature of their stimuli is not. Results The main findings of the research were that the participants believed to have committed criminal offences when presented with false evidence. 93% of the total subjects internalized and signed the confessions forms. 87% out of the 93% signed the confession papers on the first request while 7% signed after the second request. In experiment one and two, 67% and 73% of the subjects believed they committed the criminal offences after viewing the fake-video evidences (Nash Wade, 2008). On the other side, experiment one and two showed that 60% and 13% of the subjects respectively made false confessions when presented with fake eyewitness evidence. These figures answer the research questions by suggesting that there is a high likelihood of people making false confessions when presented with fake-video evidences. Implications Nash and Wade found out that fake-video evidences produced false confessions from innocent people. The implication of the experiments is that most of the subjects believed that the main aim of the research was to investigate their gambling habits and not false confessions, compliance issues, and memory distortions among many others. This reveals how the topic on false confessions is not always a product of the many experiments that are often conducted by scholars. An effective model should, therefore, be developed to deal with the fabricated evidence presented to innocent people. Future research should be carried out to find the frequency of fake-evidence videos resulting into false confessions. The impacts of the fake-video confessions on false confessions should be investigated. Lastly, effective strategies should be researched to get rid of the fake-video evidences and fake eyewitness evidences in order to prevent the justice system from apprehending the wrong people. Critique In my opinion, the article, Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence by Nash and Wade (2008), is very resourceful how fake-video evidences results into false confessions. The research design of the article makes sense. The research design was also perfect for answering the research question. No other research design could be used to answer the research question. I would involve the criminal justice officials in further experiments. The criminal justice officials, such as criminal detectives, could be used to convey the fake evidences. Such an experiment would show whether the frequency of fake-video evidence and fake eyewitness evidences in producing false confessions would be equal or not. An example of such an experiment with a similar research question was conducted recently by Frances Chapman in 2006 in his article, Coerced Internalized False Confessions and Police Interrogations: The Power of Coercion. Frances Chapman con ducted a research on how people fall victims of coerced internalized false confessions. In his experiment, Frances investigated how police interrogations resulted into coerced internalized false confessions. He further investigated the Billy Wayne Cope case in order to come up with a conclusive argument. The article by Frances Chapman (2006) is similar to Nash and Wades article (2008) as it attempts to point out how the criminal justice system or rather the legal system apprehends people on the basis of false evidence. France shows how the interrogators use fake-video evidences and fake eyewitness evidences to convince their suspects of taking part in various criminal offences. Both articles show how the suspects are made to believe that their lack of memory brought about by alcohol, stress, and blackout may have driven them to forget their involvement in certain criminal offences. Conclusion In conclusion, fake-video evidence results into coerced internalized false confessions. Human beings are made to believe that they committed various criminal offences even when they never did. Fake-video evidences and fake eyewitness evidence are the main contributors of innocent people being proven guilty. However, Nash and Wade reveal in their article, Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence (2008), that the frequency of fake-video evidence resulting into false confessions is higher compared to the fake eyewitness evidences. References Robert Nash Kimberley Wade. (2008). Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, 1-28.

Who Are the Low Information Voters

Youve studied the issues and candidates for weeks, maybe even months or years. You know who believes what and why. Congratulations, your vote is very likely going to be canceled out by a low-information voter who has probably put very little effort into this all. If you are lucky, that voter will complement your vote. But with the press and mass entertainment industry against what you believe in, are you feeling lucky? The beloved low-information voters, as they are called, became a popular term for conservative activists following the 2008 election of Barack Obama. It popped up frequently during the 2012 election between Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney. While the phrase is often used jokingly, it is also a serious description of a very large group of people. Its probably the dominant type of voter in reality. But that is the world we live in. While the term might be viewed as being insulting to some voters, the reality is this segment poses a credible problem for Republican politicians. Who Are the Low Information Voters? The oft-talked about low-information voters are those people who have little interest in or understanding of political affairs, rarely watch the news, and cant name major political figures or national events and still make voting decisions on this limited knowledge basis. Low information voters can definitely be both Republican and Democratic voters, but Democratic outreach to these voters hit new heights in 2008. Typically, these are not highly-likely voters. Targeting these people in both 2008 led to a handsome victory for Obama in 2008. In 2007, the Pew Research Center found that among the voting age public, 31% didnt know that Dick Cheney was Vice-President and 34% couldnt name the Governor of their own state. Roughly 4 in 5 couldnt name the Secretary of Defense, and more than half didnt know that Nancy Pelosi was the Speaker of the House, while only 15% knew who Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid was. Now, not all of these people are voters. But they are the people who would be heavily tapped into in coming elections. Rise of the Low-Info Voter In reality, there have always been low information voters. But the 2008 and 2012 elections saw these segments targeted more than ever before. Through advances in social media, the Obama campaign sought to position Obama as a celebrity as much as a politician. There was very little interest in who Obama was, what positions he held, or what he had accomplished. Instead, the campaign focused mostly on his race and the historic nature of his presidential run and focused on building up his image in the way celebrities are built up. While the Democrats knew they would lock up traditional Democratic voters, they sought out a way to turn out those who were very unlikely to vote: the low-information voters. By giving people a celebrity to vote for -- and turning Obama into Mr. Cool -- many younger voters turned out who otherwise usually would not have. After election day 2008, pollster John Zogby was commissioned to do a poll of Obama voters immediately after they voted. The results were not impressive. While Obama voters overwhelmingly knew frivolous information about Sarah Palin such as the RNCs $150,000 wardrobe expenditures and about her daughters, they knew very little about Obama. By more than 2-1 they attributed an Obama quote about coal and energy prices to McCain, while most were unaware of the comment at all, despite it being a heavily debated topic during the campaign. A second poll by Wilson Research Strategies found similar results. McCain voters were overwhelmingly more likely to have greater general knowledge on most questions, the only questions Obama voters scored high on were frivolous, such as knowing that McCain couldnt say how many houses he owned. Obama voters also outscored McCain voters in the question about which candidate said they could see Russia from my house. (84% of Obama voters chose Palin, althoug h it was a Tina Fey skit on Saturday Night Live. Do Republicans Want the Low Information Voter Pie? In all likelihood, the number of high information voters is relatively low. The number of people who are interested in politics, watch news regularly, and stay updated on current events is likely outweighed by those who do not. These high-information voters tend to be older and more likely to have made up their mind on issues anyway. While many conservatives seem wary of going the celebrity route and trying to win on personality over policy, it almost seems an uphill climb. While the Democrats micro-target every possible sub-section of America, conservatives hope to have a breakthrough through logical discussion of issues. Needless to say, that didnt work out too well for Romney even as exit poll voters on election day said they thought he would be better at fixing things than Obama on most issues. (At the end of the day, they still voted for Obama anyway.) We already saw the change in the 2016 GOP presidential hopefuls. Marco Rubio  showed his willingness to talk about his love of rap music while New Jersey Governor Chris Christie loved hitting the late night talk shows to grow his image. Social media, the entertainment culture, and self-celebritization are likely to become the norm. After all, how else do you reach low-information voters before your opponent does?

What is the Social contract theory Essay - 29901 Words

Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you analyze the social contract theory of John Locke and how the values identified are consistent with the criminal justice system and private security settings. Do these values and principles apply to both venues? †¢ What are the key principles associated with Locke’s social contract theory? †¢ How are these principle inculcated in the U.S. Bill of Rights? †¢ How do the principles play out in the criminal justice system and security settings? †¢ Describe freedom in relationship to personal rights and ethical standards and obligations. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you analyze the social contract theory of John Locke and how the values identified are consistent with the†¦show more content†¦vWrite a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you analyze the social contract theory of John Locke and how the values identified are consistent with the criminal justice system and private security settings. Do these values and principles apply to both venues? †¢ What are the key principles associated with Locke’s social contract theory? †¢ How are these principle inculcated in the U.S. Bill of Rights? †¢ How do the principles play out in the criminal justice system and security settings? †¢ Describe freedom in relationship to personal rights and ethical standards and obligations. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you analyze the social contract theory of John Locke and how the values identified are consistent with the criminal justice system and private security settings. Do these values and principles apply to both venues? †¢ What are the key principles associated with Locke’s social contract theory? †¢ How are these principle inculcated in the U.S. Bill of Rights? †¢ How do the principles play out in the criminal justice system and security settings? †¢ Describe freedom in relationship to personal rights and ethical standards and obligations. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you analyze the social contract theory of John Locke and how the values identified are consistent with the criminal justice system and private security settings. Do these values and principles apply to both venues? †¢ What are the key principles associated withShow MoreRelatedLife Without Laws And Regulations Essay879 Words   |  4 Pagesnature? The social contract would introduce and maintain a controlled society in which protects people’s rights to life, liberty and protection of ones property. John Rawls a modern philosopher carries on the social contract tradition alongside philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau developing his own theory of Justice that he states brings upon complete fairness and equality within society the theory of justice, developed in 1971 with the intentions to identify what seems toRead MoreThe Function of a Social Contract1676 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the Function of a Social Contract? Philosophers have been concerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s)Read MoreUtilitarianism And Social Contract Theory1476 Words   |  6 PagesMichelle VanDeren Moral and Political Philosophy June 11, 2016 Reflection Paper Utilitarianism and Social Contract Theory Part I: Utilitarianism in the Work Place While managing a law firm over the past 13 years one of the most consistent issues to deal with is office attire. We have hired numerous employees ranging from 20-30 years of age whose attire did not project a professional appearance. Some of the employees often wore jeans or shirts that clearly showed their tattoos or were too revealingRead MoreThe Basic Moral Standard Is Human Welfare975 Words   |  4 Pagesmoral standard is human welfare. Specifically, my welfare and the welfare of others. Each classical moral theory has propose human welfare. Some theories completely focus on motives while others completely focus on rules or acts. However, each classical ethical theory alone cannot provide a plausible guideline for impartial human welfare without controversy. Multiple-strategies utilitarianism theory is the most suitable because it provides various strategies for general welfare. The multiple-strategiesRead MoreEssay about The Criticism of Social Contract Theories1232 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Tatum Schneidmiller Justice Theory Assignment #1 Ward Churchills criticism of social contract theory clearly applies to classic social contract theories that we discussed.   However, Rawls adds the veil of ignorance concept to his more modern social contract theory.   A) Explain the basics of Rawls and Churchills arguments and how they each criticize classic social contract theories.   B) Discuss whether or not Churchills argument applies to Rawls modification and explain how and why it doesRead MoreEssay on What is the Function of a Social Contract?1637 Words   |  7 Pages What is the Function of a Social Contract? Philosophers have been concerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with theRead MoreSocial Contract Is The Formidable Obelisk For Peacebuilding And Statebuilding1269 Words   |  6 Pages Social Contract is the formidable obelisk for peacebuilding and statebuilding. One of the oldest and widely cited Social Contract theories is the one of theorist’s John Rawls. His theory proposed an objective perspective of the Social Contract concept that was rooted from medieval Europe, this widely accepted principle that â€Å"all men are by nature free and equal† (Lessnoff, 1990, p. 3) made Rawls disparate to his brethren who too theorized this concept. Rawls rendition of the theory was not onlyRead MoreThe Strength Of Rawls Social Contract Theory1160 Words   |  5 PagesThe strength of Rawls’ Social Contract Theory is most obvious when compared with other ethical theories. In my discussion with Professor Hill, it was made apparent to me that I should focus on the main concepts we have discussed in this unit: empathy, rationality, and fallibility. One theory that is easily comparable is Ethical Egoism. Ethical Egoism claims that every action committed by h uman beings must be out of self-interest. Anything done for another individual is considered unethical for anRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke s Theory Of Social Contract Theory1449 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I argue contemporary social contract theory extends itself beyond politics and into philosophy, religion, and literature. I begin by defining social contract theory and explaining the different perspectives of English philosophers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. From there, I will introduce Dostoyevsky’s work, Grand Inquisitor, and conduct an analysis of the relationships between the Grand Inquisitor and his subjects as well as Jesus and his followers. Using textual evidence and uncontroversialRead MoreSocial Contract Theory On The Origin Of State1110 Words   |  5 PagesSOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY Introduction: The social contract theory is one of the oldest theories on the origin of state. This theory came into existence as a reaction against the divine origin theory. The term ‘social’ is something which is connected with the society, while ‘contract’ means an agreement between two or more people. Thus a term of political theory, ‘social contract’ implies an agreement that makes society possible .this theory holds that the state is the voluntary and deliberate agreement

Taxation Egypt From Augustus To Diocletian â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Taxation Egypt From Augustus To Diocletian? Answer: Introducation The capital gain or loss that is incurred by an individual needs to be clearly understood in any given scenario to ascertain his or her financial position. In the presented scenario, in the past 1 year Eric has acquired a number of assets such as an antique vase, an antique chair, a painting, a home sound system, and shares in a listed company for different prices. And last week he has sold the same at specific rates. Based on the provided details in the question, the assets were with him for less than a year. As per theory, when a capital asset is sold, the difference between the cost price of the asset and the amount realized from the sale refers to capital gain or capital loss. The capital gain or capital loss can be classified into long-term or short-term based on the time period for which it was held by an individual. If an asset is held for more than 12 months or 1 year, the capital gain or loss is said to be long-term in nature (Andreas Markus, 2014). Whereas if the asset is held for one year or less than a year, the capital gain or loss can be termed as short-term in nature. In the presented situation, Eric has been holding the assets since the past 12 months so his net capital gain or net capital loss for the year would be short-term in nature (Barseghyan Coate, 2016). Classification of Erics assets The assets that Eric had in the last year can be categorized into two types namely assets that are intended for his personal use and collectibles. The assets that are intended for ones personal use are the ones that an individual purchases for his own satisfaction and happiness. Out of the assets that were previously acquired by Eric, the home sound system and the shares of the listed company belong to this asset category (Becker, 2015). Collectible can be defined as the asset of limited quantity but whose value is significant. Mostly it includes antiques. The assets that Eric previously possessed and sold in the past week like antique vase, antique chair, and painting can be categorized under collectibles. Thus in the given scenario, to arrive at the net capital gain or net capital loss of Eric, the sale proceeds have to be deducted from the capital value of the same. Assets Cost of Assets Capital Proceeds of Assets Difference Net Capital Gain/ (Net Capital Loss) Antique Vase 2,000 3,000 1,000 Gain Antique Chair 3,000 1,000 -2,000 Loss Painting 9,000 1,000 -8,000 Loss Home Sound System 12,000 11,000 -1,000 Loss Shares in listed company 5,000 20,000 15,000 Gain Total 31,000 36,000 Net Capital Gain/Loss 5,000 Total Net Capital Gain Hence Eric has had capital gain while selling the antique vase and shares of the listed company. The gain together comes to Rs 16,000 /- While selling the other assets like an antique chair, painting, and home sound system, he has incurred a loss of Rs (11,000) /-. Hence the net capital gain that he has gained after the sale process comes to Rs 5,000 /-. As per the tax laws, the assets for personal use have been sold for over $ 10,000, thus the taxability rules relating to capital gains will be charged on them. Similarly, each collectible item has been sold for over $ 500 so the taxability rules relating to capital gains will be charged (Becker, Reimer Rust, 2015). Calculation of Brians taxable value of the fringe benefits for the 2016/17 FBT year: In the given scenario, Brians employer has given him $ 1 million as a three-year loan at the special interest rate of 1% p.a. which is to be repaid on a monthly basis. This particular loan scheme comes under the scope of loan fringe benefits that an employee receives from an employer (Bernheim Scheuer, 2014). That is the reason the rate of interest that has been charged is lower than that of the current market loan interest rate. For the proper and accurate computation of Brians taxable value of the fringe benefit, the current statutory rate of interest needs to be taken into consideration (Brownlee, 2016). Since the particular loan was offered in 2016, April 1st, the applicable statutory interest rate would be 5.65%. In order to calculate the taxable value of Brians fringe benefits for 2016/17 FBT year, the following process will have to be followed. In the initial stage, the loan fringe benefit must be ascertained after eliminating the deductible rule. So the actual interest (i.e. at 1.00%) must be deducted from the statutory interest (i.e. at 5.65%). Interest value (statutory interest rate of 5.65%) = $10,00,000 * 5.65% = $ 56,500 Interest value (actual interest rate of 1.00%) = = $10,00,000 * 1.00% = $ 10,000 Thus the taxable value is the difference between the above two interest figures: $ 56,500 - $ 10,000 = $ 46,500 At this stage, Brian has to calculate the interest on the basis of the statutory interest rate i.e. 5.65%. He must assume that this arrived figure is the real interest amount that is payable by him. The interest value based on the statutory interest rate = $ 10,00,000 * 5.65% = $ 56,500 As per the question, Brian has utilized 40% of the borrowed funds for income-producing purposes and met all his obligations relating to the interest payments. So now he must calculate the tax-deductible interest expense. The hypothetical situation relating to statutory interest rate is considered: $ 56,500 * 40% = $ 22,600. Now Brian needs to ascertain the actual tax-deductible interest expense: $ 10,000 * 40% = $ 4,000. The actual tax-deductible interest expense calculated by Brian must be subtracted from the hypothetical value: $ 22,600 - $ 4,000 = $ 18,600 The final taxable value of the fringe benefits of Brian must be arrived at this stage by deducting the value of the 1st process by that of the 5th process: $ 46,500 - $ 18,600 = $ 27,900 If this interest value had to be paid by Brian at the time of the termination of the loan, instead of the monthly repayment scheme, then the specific period of the loan has to be assumed from the particular time when the interest would be payable or paid by him (Drautzburg Uhlig, 2015). If Brian would have no responsibility to repay the loan interest then the same computation model would be adopted but the interest rate would be considered as 0%. Allocation of loss on property for tax purposes In the particular property backdrop, Jack and Jill have borrowed some financial resources to rent and use it as joint tenants. As per the written agreement between the couple, Jack is eligible to receive 10% of the profits from the property whereas Jill is entitled to receive 90% of the profits from the property. As per the stated agreement, in case of loss, Jack has to bear the entire 100% of the loss (Griffith, Miller O'Connell, 2014). Thus last year when they have sustained a loss of $ 10,000, Jack has to bear the entire burden of such loss Jill will not be having any financial obligation towards this loss. This loss of Jack can be set off with the other forms of income of Jack so that he can determine his net profit or loss of the year. He has one more option in hand i.e. to carry forward the loss for the following years (Henneman, 2015). If the couple decides to sell off the property, the subsequent gain or loss from it would be available for them. In case there is a loss from the specific transaction, the same has to be incurred by Jack and he has the entire right to carry it forward in the future years or use it in the very year to ascertain his total net profit or loss. Similarly, in case of gain, the particular amount must be distributed between Jack and Jill in the exact proportion that has been stated in the written agreement (Jaimovich Rebelo, 2017). The ratio decided by the couple for sharing of profits is 1:9 where Jack receives one portion of the profits and Jill receives nine portions of the profit. Jack has the complete right and authority to set off the particular loss against the gain that they would earn by selling of the property. Thus it can be concluded that Jack is in a position where he has the authority to treat the loss from the property as per his convenience and need. He could set of this loss from the property if he would gain from selling the same (Piketty, Saez Stantcheva, 2014). If Jack has no gains in the current year then the loss must be borne by him while his wife would not have any obligation towards the loss from the property. The treatment of tax would be insignificant for Jill whereas Jack would have to record such loss in his books of accounts. Principle established inIRC v Duke of Westminster[1936] AC 1 The particular case relating to IRC v Duke of Westminster[1936] is a popular case that has come under limelight due to the particular tax avoidance situation. After referring the case, it can be clearly stated that every individual is righteously entitled to utilize his or her legal rights and benefits to help him minimize his tax that is attached to his total income earned during the year. In laymans language, it can be stated that if a person adopts fair and legal methods to reduce his total income value and thus reduce his tax value, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue have no power and authority to compel a taxpayer to pay a higher tax amount (Pomeranz, 2015). This particular model is applicable only when a taxpayer uses the fair and honest methods to reduce the amount of tax that is supposed to be paid by him. Fair tools and techniques must be adopted by him in order to reduce his gross income at the end of the year with the purpose to decrease his tax payable amount. The case is one of the best examples that add value to the taxation model and acts like a breath of fresh air for honest taxpayers. The particular legal case covers various areas including every person who adopts fair strategic methods to manage his books of accounts has the right to take legal assistance to decrease his total income value (Scheuer Werning, 2017). If the ethical and moral principals are in place and they have not been altered, the person cannot be forced to pay further tax in the process. The use of legal mode by the person strengthens his position in the eyes of the law. So no authority can question the validity of the persons method since he has the legal backing. When the particular case was stated in front of the judge, he stated that the effective use of the legal model by an individual to lower his income is a fair technique. The law should stand by it since no ethical aspects have been hampered in the process. This particular rule holds immense relevance in the current times in Australia. It discourages business undertakings to manipulate their books of accounts to have an additional advantage. It even provides the legal right to function a business activity in a truthful manner (Schmitt, 2015). It encourages businesses to use ethical means to strengthen their financial performance instead of altering their books of accounts. Since this principle encourages individuals as well as businesses to operate efficiently it is a valuable case that makes the contribution to the taxation system of Australia. Logging company scenario In the presented situation, Bill has a large parcel of land on which there are numerous tall pine trees. He intends to use it for grazing sheep and so he wants to have it cleared. A particular logging firm is showing its willingness to pay him $1,000 for every 100 meters of the timber that they can take from the land. The first and foremost question that arises in the situation is whether the tax laws are applicable or not for Bill for the money that he would be receiving from the logging business (Thomson, 2015). The given circumstances in the question do not throw light on the fact that whether the receipts that he would receive from the firm could be considered as revenue receipts or not. This high degree of uncertainty shows that the rules relating to the capital gains taxes do not apply to Bills specific situation. If Bill would receive a significant amount of money of $ 50,000 from the logging business to remove the pine trees from his yard, the same amount would be considered as a capital receipt for Bill. The very reason for such treatment is the large value of the finance and the lack of recurring receipts in the situation. In this situation, relevant tax rules would apply to Bill. Thus the nature of the financial transaction between parties has a significant impact on the applicable taxation laws (Wallace, 2015). So in the mentioned scenarios, the value of the finance involved has a significant impact on the application of taxation law. In the former instance, Bill would be receiving smaller and repeated payments from the logging firm while in the latter situation; he would be receiving a financial figure in bulk and the receipt would be one-time in nature (Scheuer Werning, 2017). As per the taxation law, when one party is involved in a sales transaction for a specific consideration, the receipt received in the situation is considered to be a capital one and thus it is taxable in the eyes of law. In the first scenario, the taxation would be charged at normal tax rates and they would not be treated as capital gains for Bill. References Andreas, O. and Markus, H., 2014. Taxation of income from domestic and cross-border collective investment. Barseghyan, L. and Coate, S., 2016. Property Taxation, Zoning, and Efficiency in a Dynamic Tiebout Model.American Economic Journal: Economic Policy,8(3), pp.1-38. Becker, J., 2015. The Relation of Article 9 Paragraph 1 German Double Taxation Treaties to Domestic Tax Law and the Consequences for Current Value Depreciation under Section 1 Paragraph 1: Foreign Tax Act.Intertax,43(10), pp.589-594. Becker, J., Reimer, E. and Rust, A., 2015.Klaus Vogel on Double Taxation Conventions. Kluwer Law International. Bernheim, B.D. and Scheuer, F., 2014. ECON 242: PUBLIC FINANCE AND TAXATION II. Brownlee, W.E., 2016.Federal Taxation in America. Cambridge University Press. Drautzburg, T. and Uhlig, H., 2015. Fiscal stimulus and distortionary taxation.Review of Economic Dynamics,18(4), pp.894-920. Griffith, R., Miller, H. and O'Connell, M., 2014. Ownership of intellectual property and corporate taxation.Journal of Public Economics,112, pp.12-23. Henneman, J.B., 2015.Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France: The Development of War Financing, 1322-1359. Princeton University Press. Jaimovich, N. and Rebelo, S., 2017. Nonlinear effects of taxation on growth.Journal of Political Economy,125(1), pp.265-291. Piketty, T., Saez, E. and Stantcheva, S., 2014. Optimal taxation of top labor incomes: A tale of three elasticities.American economic journal: economic policy,6(1), pp.230-271. Pomeranz, D., 2015. No taxation without information: Deterrence and self-enforcement in the value added tax.The American economic review,105(8), pp.2539-2569. Scheuer, F. and Werning, I., 2017. The taxation of superstars.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,132(1), pp.211-270. Schmitt, N., 2015. Social Norms or Income TaxationWhat drives a Couples Labor Supply? Experimental Evidence.Norma, (2/13). Thomson, W., 2015. Axiomatic and game-theoretic analysis of bankruptcy and taxation problems: an update.Mathematical Social Sciences,74, pp.41-59. Wallace, S.L., 2015.Taxation in Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian. Princeton University Press.

Taxation Egypt From Augustus To Diocletian â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Taxation Egypt From Augustus To Diocletian? Answer: Introducation The capital gain or loss that is incurred by an individual needs to be clearly understood in any given scenario to ascertain his or her financial position. In the presented scenario, in the past 1 year Eric has acquired a number of assets such as an antique vase, an antique chair, a painting, a home sound system, and shares in a listed company for different prices. And last week he has sold the same at specific rates. Based on the provided details in the question, the assets were with him for less than a year. As per theory, when a capital asset is sold, the difference between the cost price of the asset and the amount realized from the sale refers to capital gain or capital loss. The capital gain or capital loss can be classified into long-term or short-term based on the time period for which it was held by an individual. If an asset is held for more than 12 months or 1 year, the capital gain or loss is said to be long-term in nature (Andreas Markus, 2014). Whereas if the asset is held for one year or less than a year, the capital gain or loss can be termed as short-term in nature. In the presented situation, Eric has been holding the assets since the past 12 months so his net capital gain or net capital loss for the year would be short-term in nature (Barseghyan Coate, 2016). Classification of Erics assets The assets that Eric had in the last year can be categorized into two types namely assets that are intended for his personal use and collectibles. The assets that are intended for ones personal use are the ones that an individual purchases for his own satisfaction and happiness. Out of the assets that were previously acquired by Eric, the home sound system and the shares of the listed company belong to this asset category (Becker, 2015). Collectible can be defined as the asset of limited quantity but whose value is significant. Mostly it includes antiques. The assets that Eric previously possessed and sold in the past week like antique vase, antique chair, and painting can be categorized under collectibles. Thus in the given scenario, to arrive at the net capital gain or net capital loss of Eric, the sale proceeds have to be deducted from the capital value of the same. Assets Cost of Assets Capital Proceeds of Assets Difference Net Capital Gain/ (Net Capital Loss) Antique Vase 2,000 3,000 1,000 Gain Antique Chair 3,000 1,000 -2,000 Loss Painting 9,000 1,000 -8,000 Loss Home Sound System 12,000 11,000 -1,000 Loss Shares in listed company 5,000 20,000 15,000 Gain Total 31,000 36,000 Net Capital Gain/Loss 5,000 Total Net Capital Gain Hence Eric has had capital gain while selling the antique vase and shares of the listed company. The gain together comes to Rs 16,000 /- While selling the other assets like an antique chair, painting, and home sound system, he has incurred a loss of Rs (11,000) /-. Hence the net capital gain that he has gained after the sale process comes to Rs 5,000 /-. As per the tax laws, the assets for personal use have been sold for over $ 10,000, thus the taxability rules relating to capital gains will be charged on them. Similarly, each collectible item has been sold for over $ 500 so the taxability rules relating to capital gains will be charged (Becker, Reimer Rust, 2015). Calculation of Brians taxable value of the fringe benefits for the 2016/17 FBT year: In the given scenario, Brians employer has given him $ 1 million as a three-year loan at the special interest rate of 1% p.a. which is to be repaid on a monthly basis. This particular loan scheme comes under the scope of loan fringe benefits that an employee receives from an employer (Bernheim Scheuer, 2014). That is the reason the rate of interest that has been charged is lower than that of the current market loan interest rate. For the proper and accurate computation of Brians taxable value of the fringe benefit, the current statutory rate of interest needs to be taken into consideration (Brownlee, 2016). Since the particular loan was offered in 2016, April 1st, the applicable statutory interest rate would be 5.65%. In order to calculate the taxable value of Brians fringe benefits for 2016/17 FBT year, the following process will have to be followed. In the initial stage, the loan fringe benefit must be ascertained after eliminating the deductible rule. So the actual interest (i.e. at 1.00%) must be deducted from the statutory interest (i.e. at 5.65%). Interest value (statutory interest rate of 5.65%) = $10,00,000 * 5.65% = $ 56,500 Interest value (actual interest rate of 1.00%) = = $10,00,000 * 1.00% = $ 10,000 Thus the taxable value is the difference between the above two interest figures: $ 56,500 - $ 10,000 = $ 46,500 At this stage, Brian has to calculate the interest on the basis of the statutory interest rate i.e. 5.65%. He must assume that this arrived figure is the real interest amount that is payable by him. The interest value based on the statutory interest rate = $ 10,00,000 * 5.65% = $ 56,500 As per the question, Brian has utilized 40% of the borrowed funds for income-producing purposes and met all his obligations relating to the interest payments. So now he must calculate the tax-deductible interest expense. The hypothetical situation relating to statutory interest rate is considered: $ 56,500 * 40% = $ 22,600. Now Brian needs to ascertain the actual tax-deductible interest expense: $ 10,000 * 40% = $ 4,000. The actual tax-deductible interest expense calculated by Brian must be subtracted from the hypothetical value: $ 22,600 - $ 4,000 = $ 18,600 The final taxable value of the fringe benefits of Brian must be arrived at this stage by deducting the value of the 1st process by that of the 5th process: $ 46,500 - $ 18,600 = $ 27,900 If this interest value had to be paid by Brian at the time of the termination of the loan, instead of the monthly repayment scheme, then the specific period of the loan has to be assumed from the particular time when the interest would be payable or paid by him (Drautzburg Uhlig, 2015). If Brian would have no responsibility to repay the loan interest then the same computation model would be adopted but the interest rate would be considered as 0%. Allocation of loss on property for tax purposes In the particular property backdrop, Jack and Jill have borrowed some financial resources to rent and use it as joint tenants. As per the written agreement between the couple, Jack is eligible to receive 10% of the profits from the property whereas Jill is entitled to receive 90% of the profits from the property. As per the stated agreement, in case of loss, Jack has to bear the entire 100% of the loss (Griffith, Miller O'Connell, 2014). Thus last year when they have sustained a loss of $ 10,000, Jack has to bear the entire burden of such loss Jill will not be having any financial obligation towards this loss. This loss of Jack can be set off with the other forms of income of Jack so that he can determine his net profit or loss of the year. He has one more option in hand i.e. to carry forward the loss for the following years (Henneman, 2015). If the couple decides to sell off the property, the subsequent gain or loss from it would be available for them. In case there is a loss from the specific transaction, the same has to be incurred by Jack and he has the entire right to carry it forward in the future years or use it in the very year to ascertain his total net profit or loss. Similarly, in case of gain, the particular amount must be distributed between Jack and Jill in the exact proportion that has been stated in the written agreement (Jaimovich Rebelo, 2017). The ratio decided by the couple for sharing of profits is 1:9 where Jack receives one portion of the profits and Jill receives nine portions of the profit. Jack has the complete right and authority to set off the particular loss against the gain that they would earn by selling of the property. Thus it can be concluded that Jack is in a position where he has the authority to treat the loss from the property as per his convenience and need. He could set of this loss from the property if he would gain from selling the same (Piketty, Saez Stantcheva, 2014). If Jack has no gains in the current year then the loss must be borne by him while his wife would not have any obligation towards the loss from the property. The treatment of tax would be insignificant for Jill whereas Jack would have to record such loss in his books of accounts. Principle established inIRC v Duke of Westminster[1936] AC 1 The particular case relating to IRC v Duke of Westminster[1936] is a popular case that has come under limelight due to the particular tax avoidance situation. After referring the case, it can be clearly stated that every individual is righteously entitled to utilize his or her legal rights and benefits to help him minimize his tax that is attached to his total income earned during the year. In laymans language, it can be stated that if a person adopts fair and legal methods to reduce his total income value and thus reduce his tax value, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue have no power and authority to compel a taxpayer to pay a higher tax amount (Pomeranz, 2015). This particular model is applicable only when a taxpayer uses the fair and honest methods to reduce the amount of tax that is supposed to be paid by him. Fair tools and techniques must be adopted by him in order to reduce his gross income at the end of the year with the purpose to decrease his tax payable amount. The case is one of the best examples that add value to the taxation model and acts like a breath of fresh air for honest taxpayers. The particular legal case covers various areas including every person who adopts fair strategic methods to manage his books of accounts has the right to take legal assistance to decrease his total income value (Scheuer Werning, 2017). If the ethical and moral principals are in place and they have not been altered, the person cannot be forced to pay further tax in the process. The use of legal mode by the person strengthens his position in the eyes of the law. So no authority can question the validity of the persons method since he has the legal backing. When the particular case was stated in front of the judge, he stated that the effective use of the legal model by an individual to lower his income is a fair technique. The law should stand by it since no ethical aspects have been hampered in the process. This particular rule holds immense relevance in the current times in Australia. It discourages business undertakings to manipulate their books of accounts to have an additional advantage. It even provides the legal right to function a business activity in a truthful manner (Schmitt, 2015). It encourages businesses to use ethical means to strengthen their financial performance instead of altering their books of accounts. Since this principle encourages individuals as well as businesses to operate efficiently it is a valuable case that makes the contribution to the taxation system of Australia. Logging company scenario In the presented situation, Bill has a large parcel of land on which there are numerous tall pine trees. He intends to use it for grazing sheep and so he wants to have it cleared. A particular logging firm is showing its willingness to pay him $1,000 for every 100 meters of the timber that they can take from the land. The first and foremost question that arises in the situation is whether the tax laws are applicable or not for Bill for the money that he would be receiving from the logging business (Thomson, 2015). The given circumstances in the question do not throw light on the fact that whether the receipts that he would receive from the firm could be considered as revenue receipts or not. This high degree of uncertainty shows that the rules relating to the capital gains taxes do not apply to Bills specific situation. If Bill would receive a significant amount of money of $ 50,000 from the logging business to remove the pine trees from his yard, the same amount would be considered as a capital receipt for Bill. The very reason for such treatment is the large value of the finance and the lack of recurring receipts in the situation. In this situation, relevant tax rules would apply to Bill. Thus the nature of the financial transaction between parties has a significant impact on the applicable taxation laws (Wallace, 2015). So in the mentioned scenarios, the value of the finance involved has a significant impact on the application of taxation law. In the former instance, Bill would be receiving smaller and repeated payments from the logging firm while in the latter situation; he would be receiving a financial figure in bulk and the receipt would be one-time in nature (Scheuer Werning, 2017). As per the taxation law, when one party is involved in a sales transaction for a specific consideration, the receipt received in the situation is considered to be a capital one and thus it is taxable in the eyes of law. In the first scenario, the taxation would be charged at normal tax rates and they would not be treated as capital gains for Bill. References Andreas, O. and Markus, H., 2014. Taxation of income from domestic and cross-border collective investment. Barseghyan, L. and Coate, S., 2016. Property Taxation, Zoning, and Efficiency in a Dynamic Tiebout Model.American Economic Journal: Economic Policy,8(3), pp.1-38. Becker, J., 2015. The Relation of Article 9 Paragraph 1 German Double Taxation Treaties to Domestic Tax Law and the Consequences for Current Value Depreciation under Section 1 Paragraph 1: Foreign Tax Act.Intertax,43(10), pp.589-594. Becker, J., Reimer, E. and Rust, A., 2015.Klaus Vogel on Double Taxation Conventions. Kluwer Law International. Bernheim, B.D. and Scheuer, F., 2014. ECON 242: PUBLIC FINANCE AND TAXATION II. Brownlee, W.E., 2016.Federal Taxation in America. Cambridge University Press. Drautzburg, T. and Uhlig, H., 2015. Fiscal stimulus and distortionary taxation.Review of Economic Dynamics,18(4), pp.894-920. Griffith, R., Miller, H. and O'Connell, M., 2014. Ownership of intellectual property and corporate taxation.Journal of Public Economics,112, pp.12-23. Henneman, J.B., 2015.Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France: The Development of War Financing, 1322-1359. Princeton University Press. Jaimovich, N. and Rebelo, S., 2017. Nonlinear effects of taxation on growth.Journal of Political Economy,125(1), pp.265-291. Piketty, T., Saez, E. and Stantcheva, S., 2014. Optimal taxation of top labor incomes: A tale of three elasticities.American economic journal: economic policy,6(1), pp.230-271. Pomeranz, D., 2015. No taxation without information: Deterrence and self-enforcement in the value added tax.The American economic review,105(8), pp.2539-2569. Scheuer, F. and Werning, I., 2017. The taxation of superstars.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,132(1), pp.211-270. Schmitt, N., 2015. Social Norms or Income TaxationWhat drives a Couples Labor Supply? Experimental Evidence.Norma, (2/13). Thomson, W., 2015. Axiomatic and game-theoretic analysis of bankruptcy and taxation problems: an update.Mathematical Social Sciences,74, pp.41-59. Wallace, S.L., 2015.Taxation in Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian. Princeton University Press.

The Religion Impact on the International Political Scene

Religion is a phenomenon that has a great impact on human society. Religion is an aspect that has facilitated changes in families, relationships, communities, and political lives. Religion affects human beliefs and values and triggers them to behave in a certain manner. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Religion Impact on the International Political Scene specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Johnstone, religion influences human action as it interprets their experiences based on the underlying religious meanings. Sociologists in this case have studied how religion influences different spheres of human life. In this context, we will review how religion has influenced politics and religious fundamentalism. In addition, we will review how social classes and gender differences influence religious expression. Many religious studies have concerned themselves with secularization. They study how secular instit utions such as politics affect society. The relationship that exists between religion and politics presents itself in speeches, roundtables, and congregations all across the globe. According to Christian, religion relates to politics in more than one way. It has affected political circles by bringing about legitimacy in different regimes. It has also triggered social changes by facilitating understanding in justice systems. However, the relationships that exist between the two social institutions depend on the content and level of the political system and religion. The two social institutions comprise of various subgroups of people who follow certain norms (17). The functions of the two institutions overlap each other. This brings about a conflict of interest as they both involve same parties. The same parties have expectations in relation to commitment and involvement to their followers. According to Christian, the difference that exists between the two institutions is an aspect o f secularization. The difference between the two has widened with time specifically in the west. For instance, the institutions that were once constituents of religious organizations have separated from the religious groups (15). Religious groups are no longer the providers of health, social welfare, and education. These functions through political influences have become independent. The distinction between secular spheres such as politics and religion results to secularization (Christian 19). According to Putnam, religious fundamentalism is a phenomenon that has influenced international politics as well as events occurring in the 21st century. Religious fundamentalism is a movement that concerns itself with the religious erosion as well as the role of such erosion in society (4). According to Johnstone, religious fundamentalism involves the protection of certain religious contents or protection of norms associated with religion. Advertising Looking for essay on social science s? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relative to traditions, fundamentalism does not exist to defend its aspects (57). It accepts and re-modifies some of these aspects. Relative to modernity, fundamentalism accommodates some aspects but refuses others. For instance, it accommodates the technological and organizational aspects of modernization. On the other hand, refuses the ideologies of pluralism as well as relativism. Religious fundamentalists believe and view the world as an avenue of light and darkness. They believe that they represent the light. They also believe that their world is pure. The world that is outside the group represents darkness. This world accommodates sin and it is contaminated. According to Putnam, religious fundamentalists exist as small sects that do not have connections in politics (9). According to Christian, the social class has an influence on the religious expressions and involvement. On a sociological point of view, the truth-value of religion is not the only factor that entails belonging to a religious group (17).Lower class persons are less likely to associate themselves with religious groups compared to the upper class persons. A survey carried out in the year 2005 revealed that the income of the Baptists compared to the Unitarians was less than two thirds. The Unitarians are a denomination popular among the upper class members of the society. In addition, five percent more Unitarians graduated from college compared to the Baptists. This data reveals that a social class has an impact on a person’s religious affiliation (Christian 19). Gender differences have an influence on the religious expression and affiliation. According to Christian, gender difference exists as a factor that greatly determines a person’s association with religion (16). According to Johnstone, women have a tendency to associate with public as well as private religious practices compared to m en. The magnification of the difference comes about in relation to the age, educational status, and religious denomination. Relative to men, college students are skeptical towards religion and belonging to a religious group. On the other hand, men sought spirituality and religion as they advance with age. In other words, men seek religion and spirituality as they mature and take up permanent roles in the society. For example, family oriented roles trigger men to seek religion and spirituality. In conclusion, it is important that we acknowledge the impact religion has on the international political scene. Religion has become the basis of most conflicts both at the local and international scene. Religion is a tool that fuels hatred and facilitates violence when exploited maliciously. Usually, this involves protection of political interests. Here, religion and politics integrate to form destructive tools of violence and distraction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Religion Impact on the International Political Scene specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Christian, Smith. Souls in Transition: The Religions and Spiritual Lives of Emerging Adults. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Johnstone, Ronald. Religion in Society, Sociology of Religion. Pearson: Prentice-Hall, 2007. Print. Putnam, Robert. American Grace. How Religion Divides and Unites Us. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010. Print. This essay on The Religion Impact on the International Political Scene was written and submitted by user Fabian M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.