Disease Prevention and Infection Management

Question: Discuss about the Disease Prevention and Infection Management. Answer: Gold Coast environment Gold Coast is a city of South Brisbane in Queensland, located on the east cost of the Australia. It is famous for surfing spots, sandy beaches, waterways and inland canals. The Gold Coast climate is humid with hot summers and warm winters. Winter season is pleasant with little rainfall. During summer, it experiences heavy thundershower and rain sometimes lasts up to few weeks. Almost 10millions of tourists visit Gold Coast annually, which contribute to more than $5billion to the citys financial improvement per year (Cooper Lemckert, 2012). The tourists are attracted due to Gold Coasts beaches, convenient transport facilities, recreational activities and sports. It represented two national level competitions, namely Rugby league football and Australian rules football since 2007 and 2011, respectively. Initially, the town was named as South Coast, but, due to price rise for goods, services and real estate, the name was changed to Gold Coast. The area demonstrated an evolving collabora tive surroundings for the mixed use of knowledge and health activities and benefits from more than almost $5billion in local development. The Parklands area has been recognized as the location for 2018Commonwealth Games ("Parklands Project", 2016). As a public health advisor, it is important to establish processes in order to manage probable risks linked with such major events. This is because such events experience influx of international and local athletes, visitors, support staff and tourists. The population expand during the month of April and place major stress on local infrastructure, which in turn increase public health risks, especially infectious diseases. The diseases spread from one individual to another and thereby, called communicable disease. The causes of spreading include touch, coughing, sneezing, sharing same towel and so on. Influenza, tuberculosis, measles, chicken pox are some communicable disease. During any event, sell of street foods likely to increase. Uncov er foods and water more prone to be contaminated with various germs and thereby, increase the chance of disease spread (Bennett, Dolin, Blaser, 2014). The contamination may cause due to preparation of foods in unhygienic ways, including storing and serving, using dirty utensils, dirty hands. Also, houseflies transfer germs from waste to food. Infrastructure associated with infection control and management Infection control and management considers factors associated with spread of infection, prevention, surveillance and management. Communicable diseases still remain a major public health issue in Australia and across the globe. The problems that are prevalent in Australia are diverse and include foodborne virus, occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, vector-borne disease, vaccine preventable disease and sexually transmitted disease. The health care advisors and respective authoritative bodies like Office of Health Protection are engaged in various activities in order to diminish the prevalence of infections and their spread, which in turn would reduce the economic and social impact of the communicable diseases. These bodies hold major roles as developer, implementer and co-ordinator of nationalized actions in response to disease outbreaks and also act as leaders in developing effective practice guidelines and public health policies. Miller Palenik, (2014) in this regard have mentioned that a nationalised perspective could be obtained through various networks like Communicable Disease Network in Australia. The public health advisors should provide policy and technical advice on infectious diseases in order to ensure best practices in public health services. Extensive international and national networking facilities have access to various expertise in the field of infectious diseases, which in turn ensures timely and appropriate responses towards disease outbreaks. This includes high quality inputs and national significance to public health policy, programs and decision-making. Complying with the Quarantine Act (1908), involvement in human health administration along with close connection with the inspection services, Australia strengthens multidirectional approach of the public health advisors multidirectional approaches towards disease control ("Quarantine Act 1908", 2016). The present infrastructure related to infection control and management includes two major objectives: improved prevention, identification and response to communicable disease and improved delivery and organization of infectious disease control (Zingg et al., 2015). These in turn would support the delivery of a national and integrated infectious disease response. The present structure does not alter the accountabilities of the territory and Australian governments rather it focuses on the prioritisation and coordination of the major system elements. The present structure recognises the direction for opportunities and changes for the actions to reinforce the present system. Major diseases of concern and their relevant etiology and epidemiology Major diseases of concerns are could be respiratory tract infection, measles, diarrhoea, cholera and many more. Respiratory tract infections like sore throats, cold, laryngitis and sinusitis are caused due to viruses. Bacteria could also cause respiratory tract infections that include whooping cough and pneumonia. Sometimes, bacteria could also cause second time infection after a viral attack. Fever with heavy coughing, chest pain and pain between the shoulders are prominent in pneumonia. Environmental risks associated with respiratory infection include poor hygiene and over-crowded area. Pneumonia and influenza may cause severe issues, especially, these expose community at risk. A recent report reveals that more than half of the population (approximately 69%) are affected with acute respiratory infection annually in Australia. The infection rate was higher among the young population and entails a major burden on the Austrian society (Metersky et al., 2012). Tuberculosis or TB is spread from one infected individual to another via air medium. Almost 1000cases of TB are identified annually in Australia, where more than 80% people are from various parts of the world (Barry et al., 2012). Indications include appetite loss, fatigue, fever and persistent cough. This disease is especially dangerous for immune compromised individuals and requires antibiotic administration. In the provided scenario, where influx of international and national athletes, spectators, support staff and tourists add stress on the local community, therefore, could increase the chance of public health risks, which might include the outbreak of communicable disease like Tuberculosis. Chicken pox exhibits flu-like indications like headache, sore throat and fever. Issues associated with this disease are lung infection, encephalitis, meningitis and so on. The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an etiologic agent of chicken pox. It is obtained through respiratory droplet inhalation by an individual from an affected person and thereby, referred to as airborne disease. The transmission may also take place via contact of vital vesicles however chance of such transmission is low. Children are more prone to get affected with this disease, where almost 90% of the incidences are taking place among the younger children with less than 10years. Chicken pox is benign among the healthy child but morbidity increases among the immunocompromised patients and adults (Carville, Riddell Kelly, 2010). Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E are the responsible viruses for hepatitis. Hepatitis C is a member of flavivirus family that reproduced multiple copies within the human liver cells. The virus does not directly kill the hepatic cells. But immune response is initiated due to viral presence within the liver that in turn causes inflammation and death of hepatic cells. It is evident that there are majorly six types of stains of HCV, where individual genotype contains a, b or c subtypes. Almost 54% prevalence of hepatitis is evident in Australia (Sievert et al., 2011). Health services capacity and identify critical control points The Hospital and Health Boards Act 2011authorises the Department of Health to issue health service instructions to various health services and hospitals. The instructions are issued to promote service integration and coordination, optimise efficient and effective use of resources, set policies and standards for the delivery of high and safe quality services. This further ensures stable service delivery approaches and support the application of legislation, state policies and other relevant agreements (McGorry, Bates Birchwood, 2013). Health services capacity are brief and emphasise on certain requirements and consequences that are yet to achieve by the health services and hospitals. The QAS or Queensland Ambulance Services provide patient care, high standard emergency treatment and transport for injured and the sick. It maintains current clinical practice standards and considers thoroughly developed statements depend upon the best available evidences. Problems are more likely to occur in detailed documentations of disease outbreak, vaccinations and other relevant health records of individuals, which should be maintained by respective health departments with incorporation of various databases. Monitoring includes scrutinies of the process, structure and outcome factors in the patient pathway. The public health advisors include evaluation of individual patient risks and isolate those risk factors such as: health status, treatment in hospitals, process, microbial sampling and so on. Role of transport access in affecting risk Buses, ferries, short-distance trains are easily available in the Gold Coast city. From this, it could be stated that in case of any disease outbreak, individuals would not face any problem in reaching to respective health certain to avail required health services (Li Hensher, 2011). Also, the QAS offers transport for the non-emergency patients, which enable pre-arranged visit to any medical facility for current treatment and transfer patients between medical facilities for different specialist treatments. References Barry, C., Warning, J., Stapledon, R., Konstantinos, A. (2016). Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 2008 and 2009. Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report, 36(1), 82-94. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153084. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153084) Bennett, J., Dolin, R., Blaser, M. (2014).Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases(1st ed.). (https://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/mandell-douglas-and-bennetts-principles-and-practice-of-infectious-diseases-9781455748013.html#panel1) Carville, K., Riddell, M., Kelly, H. (2010). A decline in varicella but an uncertain impact on zoster following varicella vaccination in Victoria, Australia. Vaccine, 28(13), 2532-2538. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.036 (www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X1000068X) Cooper, J. Lemckert, C. (2012). Extreme sea-level rise and adaptation options for coastal resort cities: A qualitative assessment from the Gold Coast, Australia. Ocean Coastal Management, 64, 1-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.04.001 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569112000701) Li, Z. Hensher, D. (2011). Crowding and public transport: A review of willingness to pay evidence and its relevance in project appraisal. Transport Policy, 18(6), 880-887. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.06.003. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X11000849) McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal Of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s30-s35. https://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119214 (https://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/202/s54/s30) Metersky, M., Masterton, R., Lode, H., File, T., Babinchak, T. (2012). Epidemiology, microbiology, and treatment considerations for bacterial pneumonia complicating influenza.International Journal Of Infectious Diseases,16(5), e321-e331. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.01.003 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387143) Miller, C. Palenik, C. (2014). Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team5 (1st ed., pp. 330-335). Elsevier Health Sciences. (https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Infection_Control_and_Management_of_Haza.html?id=3D26_Ao7e5gCredir_esc=y) PARKLANDS PROJECT ENVIRODEVELOPMENT ACCREDITATION - Parklands Project. (2016). Parklands Project. Retrieved 28 November 2016, from https://www.parklandsproject.com.au/parklands-project-environmental-development-february-2016/ Quarantine Act 1908. (2016).Legislation.gov.au. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00224 Sievert, W., Altraif, I., Razavi, H., Abdo, A., Ahmed, E., AlOmair, A. et al. (2011). A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Asia, Australia and Egypt. Liver International, 31, 61-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02540.x (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21651703) Zingg, W., Holmes, A., Dettenkofer, M., Goetting, T., Secci, F., Clack, L. et al. (2015). Hospital organisation, management, and structure for prevention of health-care-associated infection: a systematic review and expert consensus. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15(2), 212-224. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70854-0 (https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(14)70854-0/abstract?rss=yes)

Women And Honor Essay Analysis Example For Students

Women And Honor Essay Analysis Death foIs it glorious to die for your country?. This question has been posed to many young people about to embark on war although the answer has usually been yes in response to their country due mainly to the fact that the government instills it in the people of the country to support ones country and one way is to send young abled bodied men into the army. If you were one individual that was not in favour of fighting for your country you would surely become an outcast by the countries people. To avoid ridicule and becoming outcasted by the people living around you, you would join the army just in the thought that you were obligated to for the sole sake of your country. Such thoughts were reinforced by the government promotion of propaganda. Glorifying death is not needed to be taught and should be up to the sole individual. School systems should teach an unbiased point of view of war to enable the child to make their own decision to fight for ones country. Within the education syst em it was instructed to the teachers to teach the children at a young age during the brink of war to instill that their the life of the country and for them to defend their country against the enemy. Teachers showed being in a army was representing honour and the pride of the country. Guilt was laid on the students who showed rebellion by the teacher. Many times the teacher would try to show a soldier that looks happy and content trying to represent being a soldier makes you happy and content. We will write a custom essay on Women And Honor Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many young inexperienced soldiers were sent to training camps near the battle fields that they would soon be sent to fight, for their country and their life. The training camps were situated on similar enviroments that resembled the battle fields of where the fighting would take place. Reinforced displine to the young and ignorant men. Trench warfare is when many soldiers of opposing countries fight against each other across a vast desolate, dirt covered land, and the only sense of cover was to crouch in a usually water logged trench. The sense of death engulfed your very soul, the conezt bombardment of shells echo in your mind long after it had ceased. On the Western front conditions were horrible to say the least, stench of death remained coneztly in the air, bodies riddled with bullet wounds lay across the bottoms of the trenches, dismembered bodies scattered across the landscape and the sounds of agonizing and dying men echo across the battle grounds. Very limited rations offering very little in flavour was the only food available to the soldiers. Often raining, it caused muddy, damp conditions. The men staying in a trench filled with water and muddy conditions often caused such diseases as trench foot and trench mouth. Contagious diseases were spread quickly. Lack of cleaniness gave many soldiers lice and rats would run through the trenches feeding on the garbage and human wastes. Thousands of soldiers would line up under the cover of their trenches for a stretch of miles and wait for the leading officer to give the signal for the charge. When the signal was given the thousands of soldiers would all try to run across the no-mans land to attempt the breach of the enemies trench. This charge would be under conezt machine gun fire and mortar shelling by the enemy. These kind of attacks usually failed maily due to the fact the odds were already stacked against the attacking party. The diezces the charging men had to run to get to the enemies trench was far enough for the enemy to use its conezt shelling and its machine gun fire to dwindle the attacking army significant enough for the attacking army to retreat. .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf , .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf .postImageUrl , .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf , .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf:hover , .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf:visited , .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf:active { border:0!important; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf:active , .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ee751a847e7c04c34ec21f15d009ccf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Declaration Of Independence EssayCounter attacks were quickly attempted after the attacks. The counter attacks were similiar to the actual attacks except the difference was that the counter attack involved the killing of the retreating of the enemy instead of attacking someone under the cover of the trench. During the war all soldiers were affected either physically or phsycologically. Shell shock was an ongoing sickness affecting many soldiers in the trenches. The conezt bombardment of mortar shelling became so defeaning and monotonous the sounds of shelling remained with the soldier even when there was no shelling. Such cases became so severe for some the soldier would g o in fits of rage and fear at the very same ineztance. Virtually all soldiers felt homesick at one time or another. The soldiers being out on the battle fronts for a long time soon forgot the propaganda beliefs the country had instilled the soldiers, instead the soldiers just wanted to survive their tour of duty however long it would be. Death had been experienced and seen by the soldiers on the front for a long time that the themes had become relative to their daily life on the front. Coming back to their homes the soldiers had received and learned of a new perpective on war. It was that when face to face with death the political beliefs that were held were irrevalant when trying to survive in the war. Glorification of death is ridiculous unless you were being attacked and threat of death was present that would be another story but to die for a something many miles away is something that the individual must take in consideration in when making his or her decision. I personally woul d not risk death if friends and family were not at risk. Since our country has become less militarized since WWII the need for military personnel has not been as necessary. But as mentioned before if the country I lived was under a threat of takeover I believe I would take up arms to defend against the people who would try to attack. Other than that the physcological and physical damages soldiers endure would deter me from joining any army.r Your Country

Essay on Success and Failure of Intelligence

Essay on Success and Failure of Intelligence Essay on Success and Failure of Intelligence Essay on Success and Failure of IntelligenceHistorically, intelligence played an important part in military operations and wars. However, intelligence operations may have not only positive but also negative effects on military operations as well as the balance of power between opposing parties. At this point, it is possible to refer to the experience of the US and allies’ intelligence during World War II, when the intelligence suffered both successes and failures. In this regard, it is possible to refer to the case of the failure of the US intelligence to foresee the attack of the Japanese on Pearl Harbor and the success of the allies’ intelligence in uncovering the way to crack Enigma, German encryption system used in the communication of Germans. These two cases reveal the full extent to which the intelligence operations may be influential and affect outcomes of large scale military conflicts. On the other hand, the revelation of the failure of the US intelligence in Pearl Harbor shows the importance of the intelligence as the agency that can foresee and prevent large scale military operations and failures of the national defense system. Therefore, successes and failures of the intelligence show that the intelligence plays an important part in military operations, wars as well as socio-political development of nations and the effective performance of intelligence can help nations to take a stronger position in the competitive struggle between nations and international relations.The failure of the US intelligence in Pearl Harbor is a well-known fact as well as the cracking of Enigma is a renowned success of the allies’ intelligence. However, from the scientific point of view, the failure or success of the intelligence should be grounded on the revelation of facts and evidence that prove that the particular intelligence operation. In this regard, to determine whether the particular intelligence operation was a success or failure, it is poss ible to elaborate criteria which mark the success of the intelligence operation. Criteria of the successful intelligence operation include several key elements (Cook, 2006). First, the intelligence operation is successful, if it has caused harms to the enemy. In fact, the ultimate goal of the intelligence operation is obtaining the target information or completion of the target action successfully that will directly or indirectly harm the enemy. For instance, even if the intelligence operation does not lead to the destruction of the enemy infrastructure, but helps to reveal certain information about the enemy’s infrastructure, then the intelligence will weaken the position of the enemy because the party conducting the military operation will know weak points in the defense line of the enemy.Second, the intelligence operation is successful, if it was conducted safely for agents and other stakeholders involved in the operation. The safety of agents is very important because, fi rst, the intelligence agency has to invest funds into training of its agents that means that the loss of agents is costly. Second, the loss of agents weakens the position of the intelligence that naturally cannot be the marker of success of the military operation. Therefore, the safety of agents is definitely the evidence of the success of the intelligence operation.Third, the intelligence operation is successful, if it allows saving life of soldiers and civilians of the party that conducts the intelligence operation or those of its allies. One of the primary goals of any intelligence operation is the safety of soldiers and civilians. The protection of soldiers and civilians and enhancement of their security proves that the intelligence operation is successful.Fourth, the intelligence operation is successful, if it contributes to saving facilities, infrastructure, military equipment and other items essential for the successful military operations of the party conducting the intellig ence operation. The protection of facilities and infrastructure is another priority of intelligence operations, especially, if they are conducted during the wartime. If intelligence operations secure the infrastructure and facilities of the party that conducts the intelligence operation then such intelligence operation is definitely successful.Fifth, the intelligence operation is successful, if its outcomes have a generally positive effect on the particular military conflict and balance of powers of parties involved in the war. Intelligence operations conducted during the wartime should have the long-lasting positive effects and bring positive impact on the position of the military of the party conducting the intelligence. In fact, truly successful intelligence operations may have the determinant effect on the development of military conflicts and large scale wars.Sixth, the successful intelligence operation remains unnoticed for the enemy until harmful effects of the operation beco me obvious or even after the end of the military conflict. The intelligence traditionally operates secretly. Therefore, if operations of the intelligence agency are uncovered, then they failed, while, on the contrary, if the enemy and public fails to notice the intelligence operation, then such operation is successful.The major success of the intelligence during World War II was cracking Enigma, German cryptographic system, which they used for radio and data transmission during the war. The operation was conducted by international intelligence forces, including Polish, French, American and British professionals. They coordinated their actions and the intelligence agencies of the allies collaborated to crack Enigma. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the Enigma machine based its cipher capabilities on a series of wired rotor wheels and a plugboard. Through a web of internal wiring, each of the 26 input contacts on the rotor were connected to a different output contac t. The wiring connections of one rotor differed from the connections on any other rotor (Cornwell, 2008). Additionally, each rotor had a moveable placement notch found on an outer ring. The notch forced the rotor to its left to step one place forward. This notch could be moved to a different point on the rotor by rotating the outer ring. The Germans followed a daily list, known as a key list, to indicate where the notch should be placed each day (Cornwell, 2008). Theoretically, Enigma was considered to be extremely difficult to crack. Researchers (Cornwell, 2008) estimate that the Germans believed the encryption generated by the machine to be unbreakable. With a theoretical number of ciphering possibilities of 3 X 10114, their belief was not unjustified.Cracking Enigma was the results of the Polish breakthrough combined with a German traitor provided by the French that resulted in the major success against Enigma, since the British and Americans became able to expand their findings into breaking Enigma as well as even more resilient German Navy encryption. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that the Navy played the key part in the national security of the UK because the breakthrough of the Navy defense line would lead to the opening the way for landing the German army in the UK.The operation was conducted safely and did not cause casualties among the allies involved in the operation. In fact, all participants of the operations and agents remained safe and were not vulnerable to any prosecution or attacks from the part of Germans. They had managed to complete the intelligence operation successfully without being uncovered by the enemy. This is why the operation conducted by the allies’ intelligence to crack Enigma was successful. At the same time, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the intelligence operation on cracking Enigma involved the large scale cooperation of agents and intelligence agencies internationally. The intell igence operation involved professionals from Poland, France, the UK and the US and even a German traitor. Therefore, the operation involved a large number of people that apparently increased the risk of its failure because the more there are people involved in the intelligence operation the higher is the risk of the failure of the operation. In case of the intelligence operation on cracking Enigma all professionals working on the operation had managed to survive and remained undiscovered by the enemy. This is why this operation was apparently successful.Furthermore, the allies’ armies and infrastructure remained unharmed and, more important, the allies armies have got better opportunities to track the movement and actions of the enemy securing its position through deciphering the communication between Germans, who used Enigma or its navy encryption. In such a way, the German military faced the problem of information breaches since the allies had got an opportunity to decipher the communication of Germans. As a result, they had got access to the secret information and their interceptions could help them to understand what Germans planned to do and reveal German strategy and key military operations (Stinnett, 2009). In fact, the cracking of Enigma gave the allies the clue to the communication channels of Germans that apparently weakened German army and enhanced the position of the allies in the war.The cracking of Enigma cause substantial harms to Germans, who became vulnerable to unexpected actions and attacks of the allies, who deciphered German communication due to the successful intelligence operation of cracking Enigma. Germans could not be absolutely safe anymore because the allies could foresee their operations and actions due to the information which they intercepted from the communication between Germans. In such a situation, Germans could not conduct their operations successfully and the risk of their failure increased because they could not enc rypt their communication effectively, while their enemy, i.e. the allies, could elaborate effective counter strategies being aware of actions and plans of Germans.Essay on Success and Failure of Intelligence part 2

U.S. Military Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

U.S. Military - Term Paper Example However, on joining military, I realized that instead of the deontological point of view I possessed in ethics, the military ethics is more easily explained in the light of teleology and utilitarianism. Admittedly, before joining military and even now I love to adopt the Deontological point of view in ethics. I was of the opinion that the rightness of an action is assessed by the goodness in the action itself; not in the consequences. However, on reaching the military career, I faced a dilemma as I felt, in the first glance, that my own ethical principles would be in sharp contradiction with the basic military ethics. According to Toner (2003), military ethics is rooted in three Os: owing, ordering, and oughting. A look into the concept of owing made me at first feel that if I owe to my comrades, my chain of command, and my nation, I will have to remove integrity from my ethical repertoire. This happened because according to my notions, integrity meant being faithful to ones own conv ictions. So, I reached the conclusion that while totally owing to the chain of command, one will not be able to be loyal to ones own judgments. However, as I probed further into the issue, I made the realization that army life is ‘selfless service’ where there is no ‘me-ism’ or ‘egotism’. This owing in military life is the result of knowing what one is doing and why it is being done. As Sonnenberg (1985) states, in military, ones integrity lies in the fact that one recognizes ones responsibility and obligation towards ones duty by understanding ones moral indebtedness towards those who have given one life and learning. There I made the realization that integrity is also about knowing the ethical basis of ones own actions. Integrity, in military sense, means acting with honor, performing duties with impartiality, and most importantly, avoiding conflicts of interest. The second important foundation of ethics in military is ordering. Admittedly, t his too created a lot of issues in the beginning as I found it contradictory to my own concept of liberty. However, later on I realized that in military, order is not directing subordinates what to do, but is the moral structuring and ethical priorities. The last point that deserves consideration is ‘oughting’. That means making one responsible for ones action. In fact, I always consider this personal responsibility as one among the most important ethical principles a person should possess. One naturally develops the doubt that when one is supposed to obey what directions come from the chain of command, how it is possible to be certain about the outcome of that action. Admittedly, for a soldier in the warfront, it is impossible to think a long time about the implications of following a direction before reaching an ethical judgment. So, it is reasonably justifiable if one claims that one cannot hold personal responsibility for ones actions in military. The best possible way to solve the confusion at this juncture is to bring forth the next important concept, that is, faith. In fact, I strongly believe in the ethical principle of faith. It is this mutual faith that keeps families, social organizations, governments, and even military together. One can say that faith in military is very vital, and in fact, a closer look will prove that just like a soldier’s faith in his nation’s and superior’s decisions, the whole nation and the superiors have faith in the soldier too. To illustrate, every military person is entrusted with a lot of arm

Religion in Indonesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion in Indonesia - Essay Example The Indonesian population is estimated to be 88 percent Muslims, 5.8 percent Protestants, 2.9 percent Catholics, 2 percent Hindus and 0.9 percent Buddhism (Slater, 2004). According to the Indonesian Constitution (McLeod & McIntyre 2007, pp 91): â€Å"the state is based on belief in One God† And,â€Å"the state guarantees the freedom of all residents to worship according to their own religion and beliefs† Although this is written in the constitution, the government does not show as much tolerance, as it acknowledges just five religions: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, and Buddhism (Gort, Jansen & Vroom, 2004). Religion in Indonesia was considered to be a complicated and unpredictable matter in the beginning of the 1990s. It could not be evaluated without difficulty in terms of social rank, location or race. Even though Islam, Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism), Hinduism, Buddhism and other religions had a part in affecting the different parts of life, the Indonesian government did not allow religious parties to play a part in politics. The government assured acceptance of some particular religions (agama) which were monotheistic. These religions included Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism. However, these were only tolerated provided that they did not enter the political arena. Since the mid 1970s the government of Indonesia has officially recognized five religions that are mentioned above. Indonesia happens to be the most heavily populated nation with Muslims, globally (Forshee, 2006); about 88 percent of the Indonesians are Muslims (Slater, 2004). In the country, several of the provinces and islands consisted of a majority of the population being Islamic adherents. The range was from more than 50 percent in Kalimantan Bara and Maluku provinces to the degree 97.8 percent in the Special Region of Aceh. In Indonesia the two sects of Christianity, Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, are acknowledged as two separate religions. The Christians in Indonesia are in a minority. Around 5.8 percent of the Indonesians are Protestants while 2.9 percent are Catholics. Then there is Hinduism. The certified figure of Hindus in Indonesia is 10m (2007). According to this figure, Indonesia is globally the fourth largest country with Hindus. Just like Islam and Buddhism, Hinduism was also very much changed so as to suit the Indonesian culture. Even though the caste system existed in form, it was not at all strictly put in practice. Mahabharata and the Ramayana were the Hindu religious classics and they were made permanent cultures amongst the Indonesian followers (Forshee, 2006). They expressed it through shadow puppet and dance presentations. Sikhs are recorded as Hindus in Indonesia due to the fact that the country does not recognize Sikhism as a religion (Kesavapany, Mani & Ramasamy, 2008). The last of the fifth official religion is Buddhism which happens to be the second oldest religion in Indonesia. The 1990 national census showed that greater than 1 percent of the Indonesian population follow Buddhism as their religion. Initially Buddhism was a scholarly doctrine and just slightly related to the paranormal. However, there have now been plenty of changes in it due to politics as well as the individual emotive wish to be protected from the so many fears by a supreme divinity. In several manners, Buddhism is very much distinctive, with every human being responsible for his own person. Any person can perform meditation by himself and does not require any

The Countrys Of Production Possibility Curve Economics Essay

The Countrys Of Production Possibility Curve Economics Essay (B) Assuming that the country is currently producing 40 units of goods and 70 units of services , what is opportunity cost of producing another 10 units of goods? 70-65=5units services opportunity cost (C)Explain how the figures illustrate the principle of increasing opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the best alternative give up for the chosen option. This means without cost cannot make any decision. It also can describe as relation between choices and scarcity. The scarcity is come from factor of production is include labour, land capital and entrepreneur because it is limited resource. Therefore, we need make a choice to get a good product and giving up other product to fulfill. In the figure 1.1, company produces services and goods. In point A order to produce 80 units of services and the goods is 0 units, because the company must use all their resource in producing services. The company produces 10 units of goods and 79 units of services. The increase of goods is 10 units therefore company need to give up 1 unit of services to produce goods because no enough resource to make it. In point b, if the company wants to produce 40 unit of goods, the company could only produce 70 units of services due to the scarcity of resource. In point C, the company has already utilized all the resources in produce 100 units of goods, therefore, the company will have no other resource to produce services in the market. According to figure 1.1, point A, B, and C are the most efficiency allocation of resource in production possibility curve. Point G and F are not efficiency allocation of resource. Point G is the impossible points to produce the output, because the company didnt have enough resource such as labour, land, capital and entrepreneur to produce output. Point F is a wastage of resource, because the company no plan well. For example, Samsung Company produces LCD television and radio. When each additional produce LCD television, Samsung Company will give up produce radio and increase the sales of LCD television, because the resources are limited. When the Samsung Company used all resource to produce LCD television, Samsung Company fully give up produce radio. When increasing produce 10 units of LCD television, Samsung Company will decrease 10 units of radio for the additional producing 10 units of LCD television. So, the opportunity cost is 10 units of radio. (D)Now assume that technical progress leads to a per cent increase in the output of goods for any given amount of resources. Draw the new production possibility curve. How has the opportunity cost of producing extra units of services altered? Table goods and services: Units of goods 0 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 Units of services 80 79 77 74 70 65 58 48 35 19 0 In the figure 1.2, company increase 10 per cent in the output of goods. If the company utilized all the resources to produce goods, maximum units of goods can been produce increase to 110 units. When the company increases producing units of services from 0 to 19 units, units of goods can be produce decrease from 110 to 99 units. That means, the opportunity cost is 11 (110-99=11). While the company increases producing units of services from 19 to 35 units, units of goods can be produce decrease from 99 to 88 units because the resource not enough to produce more than that amount of goods and the rest. That means, opportunity cost is 11 (99-88=11). From the figure 1.2, the opportunity cost of producing extra units of services is constants at 11 units. Example, Sony Company produces camera and android hand phone. In long term, market have potential to increase the unit android phone ,therefore each additional produce android, Sony Company will give up produce camera and increase to produce of android hand phone , because the factor of production are limited. According to NEXUS PRO ECONOMI ASAS by Theng Kock Leing, the opportunity cost can be defined which 2 alternative goods and services when each goods produce must give up some services. 2(A) What are the equilibrium price and quantity? Equilibrium price: RM5 Equilibrium quantity: 12 millions (B)Assume that changes in fashion cause the demand for t-shirts to rise by 4 million at each price. What will be the new equilibrium price and quantity? Has equilibrium quantity risen as much the rise in demand? Explain why or why not. Demand is defined as a consumer desires to own and willingness to buy some goods and services at suitable price and time. Demand also can define as a consumer willing buy and pay for the goods and services. Willingness to get some goods and services without the ability to pay not defined as demand. For example, MR LEE want to buy Proton Saga but he dont have ability to pay the money therefore this is calling willingness not call demand. On the other hand, if MR LEE has the ability to pay the price of car then the willingness MR LEE will become demand. Supply is defined as quantity of goods and services willingness and ability to supply or produce by firm at a suitable price and time set by the consumer. Price will affect quantity supply by consumer because different price will supply different quantity. Supply goods and services will affect by certain period of time. When the changed of certain period of time, supply of goods and services will be changed. According to law of demand, while the price of goods and services increase will affect the quantity of demand decrease assume Ceteris Paribus. On the other hand, the price of goods and services decrease will affect the quantity of demand increase therefore the relationship of price and quantity is negative. According law of supply, while the price of goods and services increase will affect the quantity of supply decrease assume Ceteris Paribus. On the other hand, the price of goods and services decrease will affect the quantity of supply increase therefore the relationship of price is positive. When the demand for t-shirts rise by 4 million, the new equilibrium price is RM6 and the new equilibrium quantity are 14 units. The equilibrium quantity is rise to 14 units from 12 units as rise in demand. When quantity of demand t-shirts rise 4 million, the quantity demand curve shift to right with the quantity supply fix. With the increasing in quantity demand, quantity demand is more that quantity supply at the equilibrium price at RM5. The firm will increase the price of t-shirts from RM5 to RM6 to decrease the excess demand. The new equilibrium will achieve at price RM6 and quantity 14 units of t-shirts. With the quantity supply fix and the changing of quantity demand will make the price and quantity change. As the conclusion, the initial equilibrium price RM5 will change to RM6 and the equilibrium quantity increase from 12 units to 14 units as the increase quantity demand. (C) Now plot the data in the table and mark the equilibrium. Also plot the new data corresponding to (B) Price(RM) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Quantity demanded 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Quantity supplied 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 New quantity of demand Price(RM) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Quantity demanded 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Quantity supplied 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4

Friendship Through the Years :: Friendship Essay Personal Narrative

Friendship Through the Years Two sets of twins live in the house cattycorner to mine. All four are girls, and all four are in diapers. The oldest set of twins, Michelle and Caitlin, are my age, and we quickly become playmates. Caitlin has striking red hair that drapes the bottom of her shoulder blades. She is so outgoing she would chat with a hobo on the street if her mother were not there to stop her. Michelle, on the other hand, is quieter and more reserved. She is an inch or two shorter than the kids her age, and lacks the confidence that dominates her sister's personality. She clings to me. Her shy personality coincides with my bold and adventurous one. She willingly becomes my sidekick, and joins me in numerous neighborhood adventures. We travel the grassy plains, and trek across the muddy rivers, stopping only for the occasional diaper change, and the pacifiers that fall behind. Our friendship is uncommon, exciting, and pure, but I am too young to treasure this rare gift that God has given me. It is first grade, and not has much changed. Michelle's short stature has only grown more apparent, and the increasing number of people surrounding her has become overwhelming. She clutches onto me, too afraid to meet her taller, bolder classmates. At recess, Michelle and I select the multicolor u's that link together to make chains. We plop ourselves down on the gray, matted carpet and begin to make necklaces and bracelets. Something makes us chuckle, and before you know it we are grabbing at our sides with laughter pains. Michelle laughs so hard that she pees all over our beautiful creations that we, and the classroom, left on the floor. Her angelic smile turns immediately into an expressionless stare. I look into her puppy eyes and watch tear after tear streak down her cheeks into the pee that surrounds her. I want to take that pain away from her. I want all those small, watchful eyes in the class to glare at me instead of innocent little Michelle. It is sixth grade and the Green Springs Special Chorus, which Michelle and I are a part of, is going to the junior high school to sing. Our choir is singing seventies music, and we are required to wear seventies clothes. Michelle and I are matching from head to toe. Our attire consists of blue felt poodle skirts, white shirts, black scarves, and starch-white Ked's shoes.